Stratified Flow over Extended Obstacles and Its Application to Topographical Effect on Vertical Wind Shear

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 884-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Wong ◽  
Timothy W. Kao
Keyword(s):  
Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Stratified Flow ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Topographical Effect

scholarly journals An Observational Study of Mesoscale Convective Systems with Heavy Rainfall over the Korean Peninsula

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung Woo Kim ◽  
Dong Kyou Lee
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Mesoscale Convective Systems ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Convective Systems ◽  
Mesoscale Convective

Abstract A heavy rainfall event induced by mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) occurred over the middle Korean Peninsula from 25 to 27 July 1996. This heavy rainfall caused a large loss of life and property damage as a result of flash floods and landslides. An observational study was conducted using Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data from 0930 UTC 26 July to 0303 UTC 27 July 1996. Dominant synoptic features in this case had many similarities to those in previous studies, such as the presence of a quasi-stationary frontal system, a weak upper-level trough, sufficient moisture transportation by a low-level jet from a tropical storm landfall, strong potential and convective instability, and strong vertical wind shear. The thermodynamic characteristics and wind shear presented favorable conditions for a heavy rainfall occurrence. The early convective cells in the MCSs initiated over the coastal area, facilitated by the mesoscale boundaries of the land–sea contrast, rain–no rain regions, saturated–unsaturated soils, and steep horizontal pressure and thermal gradients. Two MCSs passed through the heavy rainfall regions during the investigation period. The first MCS initiated at 1000 UTC 26 July and had the characteristics of a supercell storm with small amounts of precipitation, the appearance of a mesocyclone with tilting storm, a rear-inflow jet at the midlevel of the storm, and fast forward propagation. The second MCS initiated over the upstream area of the first MCS at 1800 UTC 26 July and had the characteristics of a multicell storm, such as a broken areal-type squall line, slow or quasi-stationary backward propagation, heavy rainfall in a concentrated area due to the merging of the convective storms, and a stagnated cluster system. These systems merged and stagnated because their movement was blocked by the Taebaek Mountain Range, and they continued to develop because of the vertical wind shear resulting from a low-level easterly inflow.

scholarly journals Atlantic Hurricanes and Climate Change. Part II: Role of Thermodynamic Changes in Decreased Hurricane Frequency

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 8513-8528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan S. Mallard ◽  
Gary M. Lackmann ◽  
Anantha Aiyyer
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
Atlantic Hurricanes ◽  
Reduced Activity

Abstract A method of downscaling that isolates the effect of temperature and moisture changes on tropical cyclone (TC) activity was presented in Part I of this study. By applying thermodynamic modifications to analyzed initial and boundary conditions from past TC seasons, initial disturbances and the strength of synoptic-scale vertical wind shear are preserved in future simulations. This experimental design allows comparison of TC genesis events in the same synoptic setting, but in current and future thermodynamic environments. Simulations of both an active (September 2005) and inactive (September 2009) portion of past hurricane seasons are presented. An ensemble of high-resolution simulations projects reductions in ensemble-average TC counts between 18% and 24%, consistent with previous studies. Robust decreases in TC and hurricane counts are simulated with 18- and 6-km grid lengths, for both active and inactive periods. Physical processes responsible for reduced activity are examined through comparison of monthly and spatially averaged genesis-relevant parameters, as well as case studies of development of corresponding initial disturbances in current and future thermodynamic conditions. These case studies show that reductions in TC counts are due to the presence of incipient disturbances in marginal moisture environments, where increases in the moist entropy saturation deficits in future conditions preclude genesis for some disturbances. Increased convective inhibition and reduced vertical velocity are also found in the future environment. It is concluded that a robust decrease in TC frequency can result from thermodynamic changes alone, without modification of vertical wind shear or the number of incipient disturbances.

The Intensity- and Size-Dependent Response of Tropical Cyclones to Increasing Vertical Wind Shear

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Finocchio ◽  
Rosimar Rios-Berrios
Keyword(s):  
Wind Field ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Diabatic Heating ◽  
Inner Core ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Rapid Intensification ◽  
Vertical Coupling ◽  
Tangential Wind

AbstractThis study describes a set of idealized simulations in which westerly vertical wind shear increases from 3 to 15 m s−1 at different stages in the lifecycle of an intensifying tropical cyclone (TC). The TC response to increasing shear depends on the intensity and size of the TC’s tangential wind field when shear starts to increase. For a weak tropical storm, increasing shear decouples the vortex and prevents intensification. For Category 1 and stronger storms, increasing shear causes a period of weakening during which vortex tilt increases by 10–30 km before the TCs reach a near-steady Category 1–3 intensity at the end of the simulations. TCs exposed to increasing shear during or just after rapid intensification tend to weaken the most. Backward trajectories reveal a lateral ventilation pathway between 8–11 km altitude that is capable of reducing equivalent potential temperature in the inner core of these TCs by nearly 2°C. In addition, these TCs exhibit large reductions in diabatic heating inside the radius of maximum winds (RMW) and lower-entropy air parcels entering downshear updrafts from the boundary layer, which further contributes to their substantial weakening. The TCs exposed to increasing shear after rapid intensification and an expansion of the outer wind field reach the strongest near-steady intensity long after the shear increases because of strong vertical coupling that prevents the development of large vortex tilt, resistance to lateral ventilation through a deep layer of the middle troposphere, and robust diabatic heating within the RMW.

Assessing the influence of complex terrain on severe convective environments in northeastern Alabama

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branden Katona ◽  
Paul Markowski
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Complex Terrain ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Convective Storm ◽  
Self Organizing Maps ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Wind Regimes

AbstractStorms crossing complex terrain can potentially encounter rapidly changing convective environments. However, our understanding of terrain-induced variability in convective stormenvironments remains limited. HRRR data are used to create climatologies of popular convective storm forecasting parameters for different wind regimes. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) are used to generate six different low-level wind regimes, characterized by different wind directions, for which popular instability and vertical wind shear parameters are averaged. The climatologies show that both instability and vertical wind shear are highly variable in regions of complex terrain, and that the spatial distributions of perturbations relative to the terrain are dependent on the low-level wind direction. Idealized simulations are used to investigate the origins of some of the perturbations seen in the SOM climatologies. The idealized simulations replicate many of the features in the SOM climatologies, which facilitates analysis of their dynamical origins. Terrain influences are greatest when winds are approximately perpendicular to the terrain. In such cases, a standing wave can develop in the lee, leading to an increase in low-level wind speed and a reduction in vertical wind shear with the valley lee of the plateau. Additionally, CAPE tends to be decreased and LCL heights are increased in the lee of the terrain where relative humidity within the boundary layer is locally decreased.

scholarly journals The Unexpected Rapid Intensification of Tropical Cyclones in Moderate Vertical Wind Shear. Part I: Overview and Observations

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (11) ◽  
pp. 3773-3800 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Ryglicki ◽  
Joshua H. Cossuth ◽  
Daniel Hodyss ◽  
James D. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Convective Cloud ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Rapid Intensification ◽  
Brightness Temperatures ◽  
Idealized Modeling ◽  
Hurricane Prediction ◽  
Upper Level

Abstract A satellite-based investigation is performed of a class of tropical cyclones (TCs) that unexpectedly undergo rapid intensification (RI) in moderate vertical wind shear between 5 and 10 m s−1 calculated as 200–850-hPa shear. This study makes use of both infrared (IR; 11 μm) and water vapor (WV; 6.5 μm) geostationary satellite data, the Statistical Hurricane Prediction Intensity System (SHIPS), and model reanalyses to highlight commonalities of the six TCs. The commonalities serve as predictive guides for forecasters and common features that can be used to constrain and verify idealized modeling studies. Each of the TCs exhibits a convective cloud structure that is identified as a tilt-modulated convective asymmetry (TCA). These TCAs share similar shapes, upshear-relative positions, and IR cloud-top temperatures (below −70°C). They pulse over the core of the TC with a periodicity of between 4 and 8 h. Using WV satellite imagery, two additional features identified are asymmetric warming/drying upshear of the TC relative to downshear, as well as radially thin arc-shaped clouds on the upshear side. The WV brightness temperatures of these arcs are between −40° and −60°C. All of the TCs are sheared by upper-level anticyclones, which limits the strongest environmental winds to near the tropopause.

scholarly journals The Role of Vortex and Environment Errors in Genesis Forecasts of Hurricanes Danielle and Karl (2010)

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Torn ◽  
David Cook
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Vortex Structure ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Empirical Orthogonal Functions ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Orthogonal Functions ◽  
Water Vapor Mixing Ratio

Abstract An ensemble of Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) forecasts initialized from a cycling ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) system is used to evaluate the sensitivity of Hurricanes Danielle and Karl’s (2010) genesis forecasts to vortex and environmental initial conditions via ensemble sensitivity analysis. Both the Danielle and Karl forecasts are sensitive to the 0-h circulation associated with the pregenesis system over a deep layer and to the temperature and water vapor mixing ratio within the vortex over a comparatively shallow layer. Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the 0-h ensemble kinematic and thermodynamic fields within the vortex indicate that the 0-h circulation and moisture fields covary with one another, such that a stronger vortex is associated with higher moisture through the column. Forecasts of the pregenesis system intensity are only sensitive to the leading mode of variability in the vortex fields, suggesting that only specific initial condition perturbations associated with the vortex will amplify with time. Multivariate regressions of the vortex EOFs and environmental parameters believed to impact genesis suggest that the Karl forecast is most sensitive to the vortex structure, with smaller sensitivity to the upwind integrated water vapor and 200–850-hPa vertical wind shear magnitude. By contrast, the Danielle forecast is most sensitive to the vortex structure during the first 24 h, but is more sensitive to the 200-hPa divergence and vertical wind shear magnitude at longer forecast hours.

scholarly journals Tropical Cyclone Climatology from Satellite Passive Microwave Measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 3610
Author(s):  
Song Yang ◽  
Richard Bankert ◽  
Joshua Cossuth
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Passive Microwave ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Vertical Shear ◽  
Shear Direction ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Horizontal Structure

The satellite passive microwave (PMW) sensor brightness temperatures (TBs) of all tropical cyclones (TCs) from 1987–2012 have been carefully calibrated for inter-sensor frequency differences, center position fixing using the Automated Rotational Center Hurricane Eye Retrieval (ARCHER) scheme, and application of the Backus–Gilbert interpolation scheme for better presentation of the TC horizontal structure. With additional storm motion direction and the 200–850 hPa wind shear direction, a unique and comprehensive TC database is created for this study. A reliable and detailed climatology for each TC category is analyzed and discussed. There is significant annual variability of the number of storms at hurricane intensity, but the annual number of all storms is relatively stable. Results based on the analysis of the 89 GHz horizontal polarization TBs over oceans are presented in this study. An eyewall contraction is clearly displayed with an increase in TC intensity. Three composition schemes are applied to present a reliable and detailed TC climatology at each intensity category and its geographic characteristics. The global composition relative to the North direction is not able to lead a realistic structure for an individual TC. Enhanced convection in the down-motion quadrants relative to direction of TC motion is obvious for Cat 1–3 TCs, while Cat 4–5 TCs still have a concentric pattern of convection within 200 km radius. Regional differences are evident for weak storms. Results indicate the direction of TC movement has more impact on weak storms than on Cat 4–5 TCs. A striking feature is that all TCs have a consistent pattern of minimum TBs at 89 GHz in the downshear left quadrant (DSLQ) for the northern hemisphere basins and in the downshear right quadrant (DSRQ) for the southern hemisphere basin, regarding the direction of the 200–850 hPa wind shear. Tropical depression and tropical storm have the minimum TBs in the downshear quadrants. The axis of the minimum TBs is slightly shifted toward the vertical shear direction. There is no geographic variation of storm structure relative to the vertical wind shear direction except over the southern hemisphere which shows a mirror image of the storm structure over the northern hemisphere. This study indicates that regional variation of storm structure relative to storm motion direction is mainly due to differences of the vertical wind shear direction among these basins. Results demonstrate the direction of the 200–850 hPa wind shear plays a critical role in TC structure.

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